Failure of Pathwise Integration for FV Processes

Figure 1: A non-pathwise stochastic integral of an FV Process

The motivation for developing a theory of stochastic integration is that many important processes — such as standard Brownian motion — have sample paths which are extraordinarily badly behaved. With probability one, the path of a Brownian motion is nowhere differentiable and has infinite variation over all nonempty time intervals. This rules out the application of the techniques of ordinary calculus. In particular, the Stieltjes integral can be applied with respect to integrators of finite variation, but fails to give a well-defined integral with respect to Brownian motion. The Ito stochastic integral was developed to overcome this difficulty, at the cost both of restricting the integrand to be an adapted process, and the loss of pathwise convergence in the dominated convergence theorem (convergence in probability holds intead).

However, as I demonstrate in this post, the stochastic integral represents a strict generalization of the pathwise Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral even for processes of finite variation. That is, if V has finite variation, then there can still be predictable integrands ${\xi}$ such that the integral ${\int\xi\,dV}$ is undefined as a Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral on the sample paths, but is well-defined in the Ito sense. The relevant result from the notes is the following. Recall that an FV process is a cadlag adapted process of finite variation over all bounded time intervals.

Lemma 1 Every FV process V is a semimartingale. Furthermore, let ${\xi}$ be a predictable process satisfying

$\displaystyle \int_0^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert<\infty$

almost surely, for each ${t\ge 0}$ . Then, ${\xi\in L^1(V)}$ and the stochastic integral ${\int\xi\,dV}$ agrees with the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral, with probability one.

The condition that ${\int_0^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert}$ is finite is equivalent to ${\xi}$ being V-integrable in the pathwise Lebesgue-Stieltjes sense. So Lemma 1 tells us that being pathwise V-integrable implies integrability in the Ito sense, and that the two definitions of the integral are in agreement. It is natural to ask about the converse: is being integrable in the stochastic sense sufficient to guarantee integrability as a pathwise Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral? The answer is, in general, no it isn’t. I give an example below of an FV process V and predictable ${\xi}$ such that ${\int_0^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert}$ is almost-surely infinite, so the pathwise integral does not exist, but for which ${\xi}$ is V-integrable in the stochastic sense. The resulting integral ${W_t=\int_0^t\xi\,dV}$ is then not an FV process. So, this example also demonstrates that stochastic integration does not preserve FV processes.

Before going ahead and constructing the example, it is worth noting that V must be a noncontinuous process. In fact, it can be shown that if V is a continuous FV process, then a predictable process ${\xi}$ is V-integrable if and only if it is almost-surely Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrable. This simple result will be covered later in my stochastic calculus notes but, for now, I just state it here without any proof.

Let us now construct ${V}$ to be a finite variation martingale. It will then have quadratic variation

$\displaystyle [V]_t=\sum_{s\le t}(\Delta V_s)^2$

and, a sufficient condition for a predictable process ${\xi}$ to be V-integrable is that

$\displaystyle \int_0^t\xi^2\,d[V]=\sum_{s\le t}\xi^2_s(\Delta V_s)^2$

has finite expectation for each time t. Choose any infinite sequence ${T_1,T_2,\ldots}$ of distinct times in the unit interval [0,1]. For example, ${T_n=n/(n+1)}$ as in Figure 1. Also, choose a sequence of independent random variables ${U_1,U_2,\ldots}$ defined on a (complete) probability space ${(\Omega,\mathcal{F},{\mathbb P})}$ , each with ${{\mathbb P}(U_n=1)={\mathbb P}(U_n=-1)=1/2}$ . The process V is then defined by the following absolutely convergent sum,

$\displaystyle V_t=\sum_{n=1}^\infty1_{\{T_n\le t\}}\frac{1}{n^2}U_n.$

This is a cadlag pure jump process with ${\Delta V_t=\sum_n1_{\{t=T_n\}}U_n}$ and variation ${\int_0^1\,\vert dV\vert = \sum_n\frac{1}{n^2}<\infty}$ . Let ${\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t\ge 0}}$ be its natural filtration. That is, ${\mathcal{F}_t}$ is the sigma-algebra generated by the random variables ${\{V_s\colon s\le t\}}$ and the ${{\mathbb P}}$ -null sets. Then, ${(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t\ge 0},{\mathbb P})}$ is a complete filtered probability space with respect to which V is an FV process. It is furthermore the case that V is a square integrable martingale. In fact, it has the independent increments property, so that ${V_t-V_s}$ is independent of ${\mathcal{F}_s}$ with zero mean, for ${s\le t}$ .

Next, let ${\xi}$ be the process

$\displaystyle \xi_t=\sum_{n=1}^\infty1_{\{T_n=t\}}n.$

This is measurable and deterministic, so is certainly predictable. It will also be V-integrable since

$\displaystyle \sum_{t\ge 0}\xi^2_t(\Delta V_t)^2=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\xi_{T_n}^2\frac{1}{n^4}=\sum_n\frac{1}{n^2}$

is bounded. By dominated convergence, its integral with respect to V is the sum over n of the integrals of ${1_{\{T_n=t\}}n}$ , with convergence in probability.

$\displaystyle W_t\equiv\int_0^t\xi\,dV=\sum_{n=1}^\infty1_{\{T_n\le t\}}\frac{1}{n}U_n$

This expresses ${W_t}$ as a sum of the independent variables ${1_{\{T_n\le t\}}\frac{1}{n}U_n}$ with zero mean, and with bounded sum of squares ${\sum_n1_{\{T_n\le t\}}\frac{1}{n^2}}$ . So, by martingale convergence for ${L^2}$ -bounded martingales, this sum converges almost surely. The jumps of W are

$\displaystyle \Delta W_t=\xi_t\Delta V_t=\sum_n1_{\{T_n=t\}}\frac{1}{n}U_n.$

This gives the variation of W as

$\displaystyle \int_0^1\,\vert dW\vert=\sum_t\vert\Delta W_t\vert=\sum_n\frac{1}{n}=\infty.$

So, W is not an FV process. Similarly,

$\displaystyle \int_0^1\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert=\sum_t\vert\xi_t\vert\,\vert\Delta V_t\vert=\sum_n\frac{1}{n}=\infty$

so ${\xi}$ is not pathwise V-integrable.

In this example, only the values of ${\xi}$ at the times ${T_n}$ mattered. In the case where ${T_n=n/(n+1)}$ we could have instead used the piecewise continuous integrand ${\xi_t=1_{\{t<1\}}t/(1-t)}$ which still satisfies ${\xi_{T_n}=\frac{1}{n}}$ as above.

One comment about the example given above is that, although the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral over the unit interval is undefined on the sample paths, the improper integral does still exist. At least, this is true for the choice ${T_n=n/(n+1)}$ . Then, ${\xi}$ is bounded on ${[0,t]}$ for any time ${t<1}$ so ${\int_0^t\xi\,dV}$ is well defined on the individual sample paths, and

$\displaystyle \int_0^1\xi\,dV=\lim_{t\uparrow\uparrow1}\int_0^t\xi\,dV$

with almost-sure convergence. However, other choices of ${T_n}$ can be used so that ${\int_s^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert}$ is infinite for all ${s<t\le1}$ , so the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral is not well defined in the neighbourhood of any point in the unit interval.

Figure 2: A nowhere-pathwise stochastic integral of an FV Process

For example, suppose that ${T_n}$ have uniform density on the unit interval,

$\displaystyle \frac1n\sum_{k=1}^n1_{\{s<T_k\le t\}}\rightarrow t-s$

as ${n\rightarrow\infty}$ for all ${s<t\le1}$ . This happens if we let ${T_n}$ be the fractional part of ${n\alpha}$ for any irrational number ${\alpha}$ , by Weyl’s equidistribution theorem. Then, ${\phi(x)\equiv\sum_{k\le x}1_{\{s<T_k\le t\}}}$ satisfies ${\phi(x)/x\rightarrow t-s}$ as ${x\rightarrow\infty}$ and

$\displaystyle \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt} \begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle\int_s^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert&\displaystyle=\sum_n1_{\{s<T_n\le t\}}\vert\xi_{T_n}\Delta V_{T_n}\vert\\ &\displaystyle=\sum_n1_{\{s<T_n\le t\}}\frac1n\\ &\displaystyle=\int_0^\infty \frac{1}{x}\,d\phi(x) \end{array}$

Integration by parts can be applied to this integral,

$\displaystyle \int_s^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert=\left[\frac{\phi(x)}{x}\right]_0^\infty + \int_0^\infty\phi(x)\frac{dx}{x^2}$

The final integral on the right hand side has integrand converging asymptotically to ${(t-s)/x}$ as ${x\rightarrow\infty}$ , so the integral diverges at rate ${(t-s)\log x}$ . This shows that ${\int_s^t\vert\xi\vert\,\vert dV\vert}$ is infinite on all nonempty subintervals ${(s,t)}$ , so the pathwise integral ${\int\xi\,dV}$ is undefined, even as an improper integral. An example sample path with ${\alpha=\sqrt{2}}$ is shown in Figure 2.

This is a result which will appear in the stochastic calculus notes I’ve been posting. It will probably be a while before I get to that point though. [Update: The relevant post in the stochastic calculus notes is Continuous Semimartingales, Theorem 2 and the following comment.] You can prove it as follows:

i) If a predictable process ξ is V-integrable in the Lebesgue-Stieltjes sense then it will be integrable in the Ito sense, and the two integrals agree (almost surely). See here for the proof in my notes. Only the converse remains.

ii) If V is increasing and ξ is V-integrable in the Ito sense, then it is integrable in the L-S sense. To prove this, choose bounded predictable processes $\xi^n$ increasing to $\vert\xi\vert$ . Then, $\int_0^t\xi^n\,dV\to\int_0^t\vert\xi\vert\,dV$ in probability (dominated convergence for stochastic integration). The left hand side agrees for the Ito and L-S integrals. If ξ wasn’t V-integrable in the L-S sense then the left hand side would tend to infinity (monotone convergence), contradicting convergence in probability.

iii) If V is a continuous FV process then there is a predictable process |α| = 1 such that $\int\alpha\,dV$ is increasing. To prove this, let W_t be the variation of V over [0,t], which is continuous and increasing. V is absolutely continuous with respect to W (i.e., $\int\xi\,dW=0\Rightarrow\int\xi\,dV=0$ ). Then, $V=\int\xi\,dW$ for a predictable ξ (see here for a proof from my notes). Taking $\alpha=\xi^{-1}$ , you can show that |α| = 1 in the dV-almost everywhere sense.

iv) Choosing |α| = 1 such that $\int\alpha\,dV$ is increasing then,

$\displaystyle \xi{\rm\ is\ }V{\rm -integrable\ }\iff\ \xi\alpha{\rm\ is\ }\int\alpha\,dV{\rm -integrable}$

holds in both the Ito and L-S senses, and the RHS is equivalent for Ito and L-S integrals.

Continuity is only required in the proof of step (iii), where the result that continuous FV martingales are constant is used. More generally, it is only necessary for V to be a predictable FV process, as all predictable FV martingales are constant. In fact, all predictable and cadlag martingales are continuous (which will appear in my notes later).

10 thoughts on “Failure of Pathwise Integration for FV Processes”

soul says:

14 October 10 at 1:56 AM

In fact, it can be shown that if V is a continuous FV process, then a predictable process is V-integrable if and only if it is almost-surely Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrable.

how this thing can be proved?

1. George Lowther says:
  
  14 October 10 at 8:55 PM
  
  This is a result which will appear in the stochastic calculus notes I’ve been posting. It will probably be a while before I get to that point though. [Update: The relevant post in the stochastic calculus notes is Continuous Semimartingales, Theorem 2 and the following comment.] You can prove it as follows:
  
  i) If a predictable process ξ is V-integrable in the Lebesgue-Stieltjes sense then it will be integrable in the Ito sense, and the two integrals agree (almost surely). See here for the proof in my notes. Only the converse remains.
  
  ii) If V is increasing and ξ is V-integrable in the Ito sense, then it is integrable in the L-S sense. To prove this, choose bounded predictable processes $\xi^n$ increasing to $\vert\xi\vert$ . Then, $\int_0^t\xi^n\,dV\to\int_0^t\vert\xi\vert\,dV$ in probability (dominated convergence for stochastic integration). The left hand side agrees for the Ito and L-S integrals. If ξ wasn’t V-integrable in the L-S sense then the left hand side would tend to infinity (monotone convergence), contradicting convergence in probability.
  
  iii) If V is a continuous FV process then there is a predictable process |α| = 1 such that $\int\alpha\,dV$ is increasing. To prove this, let W_t be the variation of V over [0,t], which is continuous and increasing. V is absolutely continuous with respect to W (i.e., $\int\xi\,dW=0\Rightarrow\int\xi\,dV=0$ ). Then, $V=\int\xi\,dW$ for a predictable ξ (see here for a proof from my notes). Taking $\alpha=\xi^{-1}$ , you can show that |α| = 1 in the dV-almost everywhere sense.
  
  iv) Choosing |α| = 1 such that $\int\alpha\,dV$ is increasing then,
  
  $\displaystyle \xi{\rm\ is\ }V{\rm -integrable\ }\iff\ \xi\alpha{\rm\ is\ }\int\alpha\,dV{\rm -integrable}$
  
  holds in both the Ito and L-S senses, and the RHS is equivalent for Ito and L-S integrals.
  
  Continuity is only required in the proof of step (iii), where the result that continuous FV martingales are constant is used. More generally, it is only necessary for V to be a predictable FV process, as all predictable FV martingales are constant. In fact, all predictable and cadlag martingales are continuous (which will appear in my notes later).
  
soul says:

17 October 10 at 6:28 AM

thanks a lot~~

TheBridge says:

12 August 11 at 9:39 AM

Hi, in quite the same order of question that the preceding one,

If $X$ is a FV (on compacts) semimartinagle and $H$ is only a càglàd (left continuous process with right limit) adapted process (a property stronger than predictability), then does the stochastic integral and the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral always match (modulo indistinguishability) ?

1. George Lowther says:
  
  13 August 11 at 1:55 AM
  
  Short answer: Yes, they always match.
  
  The Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral $\int_0^t H\,dX$ exists whenever $\int_0^t \vert H\vert\vert dX\vert$ is (almost surely) finite. Assuming that H is predictable, this also means that it is X-integrable in the stochastic sense and that the two types of integral do agree (the relevant statement from my notes is here, as also linked in the post above).
  So, the only way that the two types of integration can fail to agree is if the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral actually fails to be defined with positive probability. That is, if $\int_0^t \vert H\vert\,\vert dX\vert=\infty$ . This cannot happen if H is càglàd, because càglàd processes are almost surely bounded on compacts.
  
TheBridge says:

18 August 11 at 1:40 PM

Thanks for the very clear answer and argument.
By the way there is paper by M. Nutz (on ArXiv) about a version of a path-by-path construction of the Stochastic Integral with respect to Semimartingale (under some rather soft conditions over the integrator process). I thought you would be interested.
Regards.

1. George Lowther says:
  
  27 August 11 at 1:30 PM
  
  Thanks. I haven’t had chance yet, but I’ll take a look at that paper.
  
  1. verseau says:
    
    9 May 12 at 3:00 AM
    
    I took a look at Nutz’ paper, he didn’t have integrability condition. But he has Assumption 2.1 instead. Is this assumption eough?
    
    1. George Lowther says:
      
      9 May 12 at 8:42 PM
      
      No, Assumption 2.1 in the paper is not to do with integrability. He is dealing with constructing the stochastic integral simultaneously with respect to a whole collection of probability measures, and the assumption implies that X satisfies the semimartingale condition in a (roughly) uniform sense under this collection of measures. For the case of a single probability measure, Assumption 2.1 is automatically satisfied whenever X is a semimartingale. Also, Assumption 2.1 does not involve the integrand H at all, so can not be about integrability of H.
      
      The paper does have an integrability condition, although it is not stated as a numbered and boldface “Assumption”. One paragraph above Assumption 2.1, see the line “…let H be a predictable process which is X-integrable under each P ∈ 𝒫…”.
    2. salem said says:
      
      22 May 12 at 11:58 AM
      
      hi guys
      
      to me, the following is an important point. what fails is pathwise stieltjess integration. on the other hand, there do exist pathwise constructions of stochastic integrals. for brownian integrals, these can be obtained using hermite polynomials. for general semimartingales, look at the works of karandikar and even more interestingly of talay and doss.
      
      regards,
      
      salem

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Failure of Pathwise Integration for FV Processes

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